中华医学会主办。
文章信息
- 中华预防医学会 中华预防医学会心脏病预防与控制专业委员会 中华医学会糖尿病学分会 中华预防医学会卒中预防与控制专业委员会 中华医学会健康管理学分会 中华预防医学会慢性病预防与控制分会 中国医疗保健国际交流促进会高血压分会 中国社区卫生协会
- GuDongfeng
- 中国健康生活方式预防心血管代谢疾病指南
- Chinese guideline on healthy lifestyle to prevent cardiometabolic diseases
- 中华预防医学杂志, 2020,54(3)
- http://dx.doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2020.03.006
- 引用本文:
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文章历史
- 投稿日期: 2020-02-02
Corresponding author: Gu Dongfeng, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing 100037, China/Southern University of Science & Technology School of Medicine, Shenzhen 518055, China, Email: gudongfeng@cashq.ac.cn
心血管代谢疾病包括高血压、糖尿病、血脂异常、冠心病、脑卒中等[ 推荐类别和研究证据分级 本指南借鉴欧美相关指南对推荐类别和证据分级的定义和分类方法,具体表述如下:
在加快推进实施"健康中国2030"战略规划的背景下,"健康中国行动"全面启动。国务院2019年6月印发了《国务院关于实施健康中国行动的意见》,明确提出在定位上从以"疾病"为中心向以"健康"为中心转变;在策略上,从注重"治已病"向注重"治未病"转变;坚持预防为主,关注生活行为方式、生产与生活环境和医疗卫生服务等因素对突出健康问题的影响,让健康知识、行为和技能成为全民普遍具备的素质和能力[
终生坚持健康的生活方式,是心血管代谢疾病一级预防的根本措施[
在借鉴心血管病和糖尿病一级预防已有指南推荐的基础上,本指南结合最新的研究进展,重点针对合理膳食、适量增加身体活动、戒烟和限酒等生活方式措施归纳整合,提出适合我国20岁及以上成年人通过生活方式预防心血管代谢疾病的推荐意见,为临床医师,尤其基层医务人员和公众提供易于阅读、可操作性强的生活方式管理指导。
一、推荐类别
Ⅰ类:指已证实和(或)一致公认有益、有用、有效的操作或治疗。指南中的建议为"给予推荐"。
Ⅱ类:指在有用和(或)有效的证据方面尚存在不同观点的操作或治疗。
Ⅱa类:有关证据或观点倾向于有用和(或)有效,应用这些操作或治疗是合理的。指南中的建议为"应当考虑"。
Ⅱb类:有关证据或观点尚不能被充分证明有用和(或)有效,可考虑应用。指南中的建议为"可以考虑"。
Ⅲ类:指已证实和(或)一致公认无用和(或)无效,并对一些病例可能有害的操作或治疗。指南中的建议为"不推荐"。
二、证据分级
证据水平A:研究人群广泛,证据基于多项随机对照试验或荟萃分析。
证据水平B:研究人群有限,证据基于单项随机对照试验或大型非随机对照研究。
证据水平C:研究人群十分有限,仅为专家共识意见和(或)基于小规模研究、回顾性研究和注册研究结果。
膳食营养推荐 不合理膳食是造成我国心血管代谢疾病死亡和疾病负担的重要危险因素之一。2017年我国约263万例心血管病死亡归因于膳食因素,较2007年增长了38%;心血管病造成的早死或伤残中,约5 600万DALYs归因于不合理膳食[ 推荐 1.合理膳食可以预防心血管代谢疾病(Ⅰ类推荐,B级证据)[
2019年7月启动的"健康中国行动(2019—2030)"专门强调了合理膳食是健康的基础,并将实施合理膳食行动列为健康中国行动的重点专项任务之一,同时提出了具体的行动目标和方向[
2.对于无心血管代谢疾病及其他慢性病的成年人,需保持平衡的膳食营养结构(Ⅰ类推荐,B级证据);具体膳食和营养建议见
4.增加蔬菜水果的摄入,适量吃鱼类、蛋类、豆制品、乳制品,有助于降低心血管代谢疾病发病风险(Ⅰ类推荐,B级证据)[
5.减少钠盐的摄入,平均每人每天摄入钠盐<5 g(Ⅰ类推荐,B级证据)[
6.减少加工肉类、饱和脂肪酸的摄入,控制膳食胆固醇摄入(Ⅱa类推荐,B级证据)[
7.减少含糖饮料的摄入,适量饮茶(Ⅱa类推荐,B级证据)[
一、平衡膳食模式 合理的膳食结构是生活方式管理的重要内容,西方国家多推荐地中海膳食(Mediterranean-style dietary)或降压饮食(dietary approaches to stop hypertension,DASH)的膳食模式[
"中国居民平衡膳食"模式综合考虑了居民膳食营养素参考摄入量、基本营养与健康状况、食物来源和饮食习惯等因素,是能够满足居民营养和健康需要的理想膳食模式[
控制总能量摄入,每餐食不过量。随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)研究的荟萃分析显示,对于超重者而言,限制能量摄入能够显著降低体重[
我国大样本队列研究通过6~15年的随访发现,成年人保持摄入蔬菜水果≥500 g/d、鱼≥200 g/周、豆制品≥125 g/d、红肉<75 g/d和茶≥50 g/月中的任意2项及以上,可预防5.1%的心血管病发生;若再加上保持不吸烟、适宜体重和充分的身体活动,可以预防17.4%的心血管病发病[
本指南的膳食营养推荐,主要针对心血管代谢疾病的一级预防,具体的膳食建议见
二、膳食营养
(一)谷薯类 谷薯类食物含有丰富的碳水化合物、矿物质、B族维生素、膳食纤维等。近年来,我国居民谷薯类消费量减少、动物性食物摄入增多,同时过度加工导致谷类中的维生素、矿物质和膳食纤维丢失[
(二)蔬菜与水果 前瞻性队列研究提示摄入蔬菜水果具有心血管保护作用。一项纳入95项队列研究的荟萃分析显示,每天摄入蔬菜和水果200 g可以降低心血管病(冠心病、脑卒中等)、癌症和全因死亡风险[
(三)鱼类和畜禽肉类 鱼肉富含优质蛋白质,且饱和脂肪酸含量较低,不饱和脂肪酸较丰富。纳入日本、中国人群队列研究的荟萃分析均表明,相对于较少或不摄入鱼类者,增加鱼类摄入能够降低心血管病发病、死亡及全因死亡风险[
畜禽肉类中,红肉(猪、牛、羊肉)中的脂肪含量较高,且多为饱和脂肪酸。尽管干预性研究证据依然存在争议,但多项前瞻性队列研究的荟萃分析显示,红肉摄入与心血管代谢疾病、全因死亡风险增加存在关联[
(四)蛋类 蛋类包括鸡蛋、鸭蛋、鹅蛋等,经常食用的是鸡蛋。鸡蛋富含优质蛋白质、维生素和矿物质,但胆固醇含量也较高[
对于膳食胆固醇的研究结论不一致,与不同国家及地区的膳食习惯、研究对象的健康状况、研究分析中是否考虑总膳食胆固醇摄入及总脂肪摄入等有关。2019年,美国人群6项队列研究原始数据的汇总分析显示,膳食胆固醇及鸡蛋摄入量增加,可显著增加心血管病发生风险和全因死亡风险[
(五)大豆及坚果类 大豆中富含蛋白质、膳食纤维、钾、钙等营养素。我国开展的一项RCT研究发现大豆蛋白有助于降低血压[
坚果富含脂类(包含多不饱和脂肪酸)、蛋白质、矿物质等营养素。由不同研究机构独立开展的三项基于队列研究的荟萃分析显示,适量摄入坚果有助于降低心血管病(冠心病和脑卒中)发病风险及全因死亡风险[
(六)奶类及乳制品 奶类等乳制品种类多样,是膳食钙和蛋白质的重要来源。既往缺乏奶类或乳制品摄入量对心血管健康影响的中国大规模队列长期随访证据。我国China-PAR约10万人的长期研究结果显示,每天饮用牛奶可降低心血管病发病和死亡风险。与从不喝牛奶者相比,每天饮用牛奶150~300 g者心血管病发病和死亡风险分别降低23%和19%;如果牛奶每天饮用量超过300 g,心血管病发病和死亡风险进一步降低,分别降低41%和48%[
(七)茶、含糖饮料和咖啡 多项队列研究的荟萃分析显示,与不饮茶者相比,每天喝茶的人发生心肌梗死和脑卒中的风险较低[
含糖饮料(sugar-sweetened beverage,SSB)指添加糖含量在5%以上的饮品[
有关咖啡与心血管健康的队列研究和荟萃分析主要来自西方国家,多数认为适量饮用咖啡具有心血管保护效应[
(八)钠盐 早在20世纪90年代,我国"首都钢铁公司心血管病预防项目"经过8年的随访观察表明,人群干预可以减少研究对象的食盐摄入量,且干预组(食盐摄入量低)人群血压水平明显降低[
(九)辣椒素及辣膳食 辣椒富含维生素C,也含有较高的维生素B、β-胡萝卜素以及钙、铁等矿物质,其活性成分为辣椒素。近期国内外研究均发现,辣膳食有助于增加盐味觉,减少摄盐量、降低血压[
三、复合维生素及脂肪酸 基于欧美人群的多项RCT研究及荟萃分析显示,尚无确凿证据表明服用复合维生素/矿物质补充剂能够降低心血管病风险[
脂肪酸主要分为饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸两大类。关于不饱和脂肪酸的RCT研究的荟萃分析显示,通过膳食补充剂增加n-3多不饱和脂肪酸(n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids,n-3 PUFAs)摄入与心血管病风险及死亡风险的降低无显著关联[
四、特定人群膳食推荐
(一)对65岁以上老年人的膳食指导 我国已进入老龄化社会,65岁以上人群超过总人口的10%,80岁以上高龄老年人迅速增加。合理膳食是保证老年人健康的重要基础。总体上,老年人的大多数营养需求与成年人相似,因此对一般成年人的膳食推荐也适用于老年人。
由于年龄增加,老年人可能出现消化吸收能力下降、味觉等感官反应迟缓、肌肉萎缩等器官功能不同程度的减退;特别是高龄老年人,食欲差,摄入食物减少,易引起少肌症,易跌倒。因此,首先要保证食物多样化、营养充足,保持适宜体重,不要过于消瘦。对消化能力明显降低的老年人,可少量多餐、进食细软食物;老年人对缺水的耐受性下降,应主动饮水,每天饮水量达到1 500~1 700 ml[
(二)对代谢风险升高人群的膳食指导 本指南中所定义的代谢风险升高,是指血压升高、腹型肥胖、糖代谢异常、甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG)升高、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)降低,这5个指标中至少有3个异常时定义为代谢风险升高(
1.腹型肥胖个体: 腰围是反映腹部脂肪堆积的良好指标,也是心血管代谢疾病的有效预测指标。科学合理的膳食营养联合运动干预是管理超重和肥胖(包括腹型肥胖)的基础。其中膳食营养干预的总体原则为通过改变膳食结构和食用量减少能量摄入[
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图1推荐的食物类型搭配及占比 |
2.血压升高个体: 对血压升高的个体,更需要重视限制钠盐的摄入,除了减少烹饪时添加的食盐,还要减少使用含钠的调味品(酱油、味精、鱼露等),长期口味偏重、高盐饮食容易诱发心血管病。另外,少吃加工类食物(如糕点、火腿、罐头等),这些食物通常高脂、高糖、高盐。推荐多吃蔬菜、水果、低脂乳制品、鱼、全谷类、纤维类、富含钾和其他矿物质食物,同时减少红肉和加工肉类、饱和脂肪酸、胆固醇、添加糖和钠的摄入,有利于控制血压[
3.血脂异常个体: 对于血脂异常的个体,需要控制膳食胆固醇摄入,更应限制摄入富含饱和脂肪酸的食物,包括大部分饼干、糕点、薯条、土豆片等油炸食品和加工零食,这些食物的制作过程往往会使用(人造)黄油和奶油、可可脂等,容易含有较高的饱和脂肪酸以及反式脂肪酸。对TC和LDL-C升高的个体,更要尽量减少或避免上述食物的摄入,增加膳食纤维摄入。碳水化合物摄入以谷类为主、粗细搭配,注意添加糖的摄入不应超过总能量的10%。植物固醇广泛存在于植物性食物中,植物油、豆类、坚果等含量较高,摄入富含植物固醇的食物也有利于降低LDL-C[
4.糖代谢异常个体: 对于糖代谢异常者,需要在专业营养(医)师或团队指导下接受个体化医学营养治疗,在全面评估个体营养状况前提下调整总能量的摄入,使血糖、血压、血脂达标。超重、肥胖个体应当使体重指数达到或接近24 kg/m2,或者体重降低5%~10%;对于消瘦个体,应当增加能量摄入达到并维持适宜体重[
身体活动推荐 进入21世纪以来,随着我国经济社会的快速发展,人们的工作和生活方式发生改变,居民身体活动量明显减少。国家体育总局2014年开展的全民健身活动状况调查数据显示,我国20岁以上城乡居民经常参加体育锻炼的比例仅为14.7%,身体活动不足成为多种慢性病发生的危险因素[ 推荐 1.所有人都应当增加运动、减少久坐,即使少量增加身体活动也能带来健康获益(Ⅰ类推荐,B级证据)[
"健康中国行动(2019—2030)"将"全民健身运动"列为重点专项任务之一,并提出了具体的行动目标和举措。增加身体活动,短期内就可以获得明显的健康获益,如减轻焦虑情绪、改善睡眠、降低血压等[
2.推荐健康成年人每周进行至少150 min中等强度或至少75 min高强度有氧身体活动,或相当量的两种强度活动的组合;在身体情况允许的情况下,可提高到每周300 min中等强度或150 min高强度有氧身体活动,或相当量的两种强度活动的组合,但应先科学评估,循序渐进(Ⅰ类推荐,A级证据)[
3.推荐健康成年人每周至少2 d进行针对所有主要肌肉群的增强肌肉型身体活动,如俯卧撑、仰卧起坐、深蹲起立等(Ⅱa类推荐,B级证据)[
4.每天睡眠时间保持在6~8 h(Ⅱa类推荐,B级证据)[
5.中老年居民(尤其65岁及以上老年人)、慢性病患者或残障人士,即使不能达到健康成年人的身体活动量,也应该根据身体状况坚持进行身体活动,避免久坐不动(Ⅰ类推荐,C级证据)[
一、身体活动的基本概念
(一)身体活动的类型 身体活动指由于骨骼肌收缩产生的机体能量消耗增加的活动。进行身体活动时,人体的反应包括心跳和呼吸加快、循环血量增加、代谢和产热加速等,这些是身体活动产生健康效益的生理基础。根据身体活动的特点和内容、生理功能和运动方式等,可将身体活动分为不同类型[
1.有氧运动: 指躯干、四肢等大肌肉群参与为主的、有节律、时间较长、能够维持在一个稳定状态的身体活动(如跑步、快走、骑车、游泳等)。它以有氧代谢为主要供能途径,也叫耐力运动。有氧运动可以引起心跳加速和呼吸加快,从而满足身体的供能需求,规律的有氧运动有助于改善心肺功能、增强心肺适应性。
2.增强肌肉型身体活动: 指能够增强肌肉强度、力量、耐力和质量的活动,包括抗阻力训练等。常见的运动形式包括仰卧起坐(卷腹)、俯卧撑、深蹲起立或其他利用弹力带或推举器械等进行的运动。
3.增强骨骼型身体活动: 指可对骨骼系统形成机械刺激的活动,有助于促进骨骼生长和提高骨骼强度。常见的运动形式包括跳绳、跑步、举重等。该类型身体活动也属于有氧运动或增强肌肉型身体活动。
4.平衡型活动: 指改善人体平衡和协调性的组合活动,可以改善人体运动能力、预防跌倒和外伤、提高生活质量。常见的运动形式有弓步走、倒退走、单脚站立等。
(二)身体活动的强度 身体活动强度指单位时间内身体活动的能耗水平,评价方法包括绝对强度和相对强度[
绝对强度又称物理强度,指身体活动的绝对物理负荷量,而不考虑个人生理的承受能力。衡量指标包括代谢当量(metabolic equivalent,MET)和千步当量时间。MET指相对于安静休息时身体活动的能量代谢水平,表现为单位时间能量消耗量;1 MET相当于每千克体重每分钟消耗3.5 ml氧,或每千克体重每小时消耗1 kcal能量的活动强度。千步当量时间指的是某种活动完成1千步当量(以4 km/h的速度步行10 min)所需要的时间。
相对强度属于生理强度的范畴,与绝对强度不同的是,它更多考虑个体生理条件对某种身体活动的反应和耐受能力。相对强度也有不同的计算方法。一种是个人最大耗氧量或最大心率的百分比。通常情况,健康成人的正常心率为60~100次/分,个体的最大心率可以用公式进行简单的估计:最大心率=220-年龄。对普通锻炼者来说,最高心率的60%~85%是适宜的运动心率范围。另一种为自我感知运动强度(ratings of perceived exertion,RPE),它通过个体主观用力和疲劳感的程度来判断身体活动的强度,可通过0~10级RPE量表测量。0级:休息状态,1~2级:感觉弱或很弱,3~4级:感觉温和,5~6级:中等,7~8级:疲惫感,9~10级:非常疲惫。不同身体活动强度评价方法之间的换算关系如
二、增加身体活动预防心血管代谢疾病的总体关系及证据 纳入多个队列研究的荟萃分析结果表明,增加身体活动对心血管病主要危险因素具有明显的保护作用,有利于控制体重[
在活动类型选择上,一项样本量8万余名成年人的队列研究发现,与不参与运动者相比,坚持挥拍类运动、游泳和有氧健身操,全因死亡风险可分别降低47%、28%和27%,心血管病死亡风险可分别降低56%、41%和36%[
三、对健康成年人的身体活动推荐
(一)减少久坐 久坐行为指人在清醒状况下的任何低能量消耗行为,包括静坐、倚靠或平躺等。近年来,久坐行为的健康危害越来越受到关注,它能够增加全因死亡、心血管病死亡风险和2型糖尿病发病风险[
(二)有氧运动的强度和频次 健康成年人每周进行至少150 min中等强度身体活动即可具有明显的健康获益,能够降低全死因死亡、冠心病、脑卒中、高血压、糖尿病、焦虑和抑郁的发生风险,提高睡眠质量、认知功能和生活质量[
日常生活中常见的有氧身体活动如
(三)增强肌肉型运动的强度和频次 增强肌肉型运动可带来不同于有氧运动的健康获益,包括增加骨骼强度和肌肉素质,以及维持减重过程中的肌肉质量[
推荐每周至少应有2 d进行大肌肉群参与的强壮肌肉锻炼,根据不同部位肌肉特性选择不同的运动方式。通常建议每组动作重复8~12次,每次2~3组;循序渐进,从而增加肌肉强度和耐力。
(四)其他类型运动的获益 其他类型运动包括增强骨骼型运动、平衡型运动或柔韧性运动,它们有助于骨骼生长、改善人体平衡和协调性,增强关节柔韧性和灵活度,有助于完成其他类型的运动,减少运动损伤[
四、睡眠 作为一种重要的生活方式,近年来睡眠对健康的影响越来越引起重视。睡眠过短或过长、睡眠障碍(如呼吸异常和失眠等)等与冠心病、脑卒中、糖尿病、肥胖、高血压等风险增加有关[
五、对特定人群的身体活动推荐
(一)65岁及以上老年人的身体活动 针对健康人群的身体活动推荐,适用于所有老年人,如果不能达到每周150 min中等强度身体活动的目标,则在其身体状况允许范围内尽可能多运动。但是,老年人需要根据自身状况,或经过专业评估,选择合适强度的身体活动。建议老年人按照相对强度的标准选择身体活动类型。例如,尽管按照绝对强度分类,瑜伽或者太极等属于轻度身体活动,但是考虑到老年人的心肺适应性,归为中等强度身体活动[
我国老年人身体活动水平依然较低,久坐时间较长。增加身体活动有助于老年人维持社交活动,增加社会认同感及提高生活质量;还有助于心血管病防控[
(二)患有慢性病者或残障人士的身体活动 规律的身体活动有助于改善慢性病患者或残障人士的生活质量,降低新的疾病发生风险[
针对一般人群的身体活动推荐,原则上也适用于慢性病患者(冠心病、脑卒中等患者除外)或残障人士。然而,考虑到这部分人群的特殊状况,建议通过咨询专业医师制定适合自身状况的身体活动计划;建议残障人士根据自身状况选择不同类型的增强肌肉型身体活动,例如仰卧起坐、深蹲起立等。同时,应当注意运动安全,有条件的情况下可请他人协助。
综上所述,中老年居民(尤其65岁及以上老年人)、慢性病患者或残障人士,即使不能达到健康成年人的身体活动量,也应该根据身体状况坚持进行身体活动,避免久坐不动。
六、增强身体活动与避免运动损伤 尽管身体活动能够带来许多健康获益,但是运动损伤和其他不良事件也时有发生,例如肌肉拉伤、脱水、猝死等。运动损伤发生概率约为平均每1 000 h走路锻炼发生1次,每1 000 h跑步锻炼发生小于4次[ 推荐 1.吸烟是心血管代谢疾病的独立危险因素并且效应较强,推荐避免吸入任何形式的烟草(Ⅰ类推荐,A级证据)[
2.对吸烟者反复提供戒烟建议,帮助其戒烟(Ⅰ类推荐,B级证据)[
3.避免被动吸烟(Ⅰ类推荐,B级证据)[
4.避免主动或被动吸入电子烟(Ⅰ类推荐,B级证据)[
戒烟 吸烟是我国疾病负担的第2位危险因素,2017年吸烟造成我国249万人死亡[
戒烟可以降低冠心病、脑卒中等心血管病发病和死亡风险[
医疗服务机构应当结合吸烟者既往病史和个人情况为其提供专业的戒烟指导,使其了解吸烟危害,戒烟步骤,以及可能遇到的困难和解决办法。同时动员家人和朋友帮助吸烟者戒烟。此外,各级政府应当制定有效的控烟法规,加大宣传力度,防止青少年吸烟,减少被动吸烟,为公众创造无烟环境。
我国有3.1%的人使用过电子烟,其中以15~24岁的年轻人为主,使用率为4.1%[
限制饮酒 推荐 1.对于饮酒者应限制每天酒精摄入量:成年男性<25 g,成年女性<15 g;或酒精摄入量每周≤100 g。肝肾功能不良、高血压、心房颤动、怀孕者不应饮酒(Ⅰ类推荐,B级证据)[
2.对于糖尿病患者不推荐饮酒,若饮酒应警惕酒精可能引发的低血糖,避免空腹饮酒(Ⅰ类推荐,C级证据)[
3.不建议不饮酒者通过少量饮酒预防心血管病(Ⅰ类推荐,C级证据)[
饮酒与心血管病之间的关系复杂。一项针对长期队列随访研究的荟萃分析发现适量饮酒可以降低缺血性心脏病发生风险[
WHO提出安全饮酒界限为男性每天不超过40 g酒精,女性不超过20 g酒精[
过量饮酒还与多种健康风险相关,如2型糖尿病、神经精神障碍疾病、肝硬化和急慢性胰腺炎、癌症等[
促进健康生活方式相关的干预策略 促进个体采取健康的生活方式,离不开我们每个人所处的社会环境。"共建共享、全民健康"是《"健康中国2030"规划纲要》的战略主题。积极推进全民健康生活方式行动、提升居民健康素养,有利于预防和延缓心血管代谢疾病的发生,也可以辅助药物治疗降低心血管病复发的风险。在人群层面,即使心血管代谢疾病危险因素水平的微小下降也会带来全社会疾病负担的明显降低,从而使全民获益。
健康生活方式相关干预策略的制订和推行,需要政府、媒体、社区、医疗卫生机构、企业及非政府组织等不同机构的共同参与,才能在社会广泛开展。因此,本指南也从营造健康的社会支持环境、促进健康生活方式普及的角度出发,为有关机构、部门提供一些参考建议。
一、促进健康生活方式的人群策略
(一)心血管代谢疾病风险评估 心血管代谢疾病风险评估和预警,是疾病早期预防的重要内容,也是加强生活方式管理、必要时辅助治疗措施的基石。国外建立的心血管病风险评估工具,如美国的弗莱明翰心脏研究模型[
我国9个专业学会联合推出《中国心血管病风险评估和管理指南》[
(二)促进健康膳食的人群策略 建议政府完善或加强食品行业相关法律法规,以降低食品和饮料中的能量(或卡路里)、盐、饱和脂肪及添加糖;建议食品加工过程中少用或不用反式脂肪酸;建议制定法规和政策要求企业提供食品标识,标明脂肪、糖、盐、酒精的含量,限制酒类在电视、互联网、社交媒体等的营销宣传。建议媒体大力开展宣传教育,提高消费者对食品安全和膳食营养的认知水平。卫生健康相关行业学会、社团组织充分发挥作用,对媒体的健康科普宣传进行指导。建议形成针对工作场所、社区不同环境的干预策略,例如促进健康膳食科普宣教活动;加强对食品行业和消费者的营养标签知识指导;提倡集体供餐的食堂配备营养师,并定期公布食谱、营养素含量等;加强对职工食堂、自动贩售机提供的食品、饮料的监督管理;对企事业单位增加健康教育。"健康中国行动(2019—2030年)"已经部署了合理膳食行动,提出在政府层面和社会层面在政策体系建设、健康知识普及等方面的举措,并设定了目标、指标、路径和考核方法,在全国范围内开展。
(三)增加身体活动的人群策略 全民健身行动被列入"健康中国行动(2019—2030年)"的主要任务,通过明确政府层面和社会层面在公共体育服务体系建设、健身设施和活动的完善等方面的具体任务。建议政府在社区和城镇建设时,加强对公益性体育设施建设的整体规划和布局;鼓励并扶持群众健康相关产业的发展。建议媒体持续开展宣传教育活动,促进民众增强身体活动的意识。相关专业组织充分发挥作用,对媒体宣传进行指导。鼓励在工作场所设立健身活动中心;在社区增加健身场所和体育设施,合理引导及组织广场舞、健身操等群众活动,促进全民健身行动在全国范围推广落实。
(四)戒烟的人群策略 政府法律法规方面,建议限制烟草的广告和宣传,加强公共场所禁烟的执行和监督,限制在学校、医院等场所周边开设烟草零售商店的数量,限制电子烟的宣传和销售。加强对香烟包装上印刷图片、文字类警示标语的执行和监督。媒体加强宣传教育,减少烟草消费、尽早戒烟、避免接触"二手烟",通过电话、微信、短信、网络等不同形式,提供戒烟咨询。在工作场所提倡禁烟。对于吸烟者,建议不要在儿童和孕妇面前、在居室内、车内吸烟。
(五)限制酒精滥用的人群策略 政府法律法规层面,加强和完善对酒类销售的相关法律法规,限制酒类销售的场所及营业时间,加强对零售商的集中管理;严惩酒驾;规范或限制酒类广告和营销活动,限制或者减少电视等公众媒体酒类广告量。媒体需加大对过量饮酒有害健康的宣传力度。
建议形成针对工作场所、社区不同环境的干预策略以预防酒精滥用。在企事业单位开展膳食营养健康教育的同时,加大宣传过量饮酒的危害。对社区周边销售酒类的商店或餐馆统一管理,控制此类场所在社区周边的密度。
(六)重视并促进心理健康 心理健康是健康的重要组成部分。抑郁、持久性心理压力、焦虑等精神疾病或心理问题会增加心血管代谢疾病风险[
政府加强引导,加大应用型心理健康工作人员培养力度。全社会应当鼓励精神和心理卫生中心及医疗科研机构发挥专业作用,对基层医务人员开展心理健康知识和技能培训,提高基层对心理行为问题和常见精神障碍的筛查、识别能力。提倡引入社会力量,依托老年大学、老年活动中心、妇女之家等有资质的社会组织,宣传心理健康知识。关注空巢老人、残障人士、经历特殊突发事件人员等重点人群,及时提供心理咨询和疏导服务。
(七)重视环境保护的健康效应 大气污染对心血管代谢健康的影响日益受到重视,通过炎症反应、胰岛素抵抗等生物机制影响心血管代谢疾病的发生发展[
二、通过健康咨询教育促进健康生活方式 健康咨询是改善行为、促进个体采取健康生活方式的重要方法。国外RCT研究提示,通过健康咨询和行为干预可以改善血压、LDL-C及体重水平,并维持6~12个月。即使对于不肥胖、没有心血管危险因素的一般个体,健康咨询也有助于促进健康生活方式[
开展健康教育或健康咨询的干预形式有多种,包括利用印刷材料、网络媒体传播健康知识和技能,进行面对面的个体指导或小组式咨询,通过电话、微信、网络等进行跟踪随访。在开展健康咨询或行为干预时,有效的沟通至关重要。为了能够取得更好的沟通效果,建议注意几点原则:(1)与干预对象或患者建立起友好的沟通和信任关系,逐渐巩固并维持这种信任;(2)鼓励存在心血管代谢疾病风险的个体表达其对改变生活方式的担忧;(3)承认改变生活方式是困难的;(4)对个体生活方式的点滴改善进行鼓励;(5)需要保持足够的耐心,一个人可能需要很长时间、反复鼓励才能改变不良生活方式。
开展健康咨询的人员可以是基层医护人员、营养师、专业的健康教育工作者、心理咨询师,或健身教练。健康咨询的工作复杂且需要长期坚持,也需要由多学科专业人员联合形成多模式的干预策略,促进心血管代谢疾病的预防。
三、应用"互联网+"技术促进主动健康 促进互联网与医疗健康深度融合发展,包括健全"互联网+"医疗健康服务体系,发展"互联网+"医疗服务,创新"互联网+"公共卫生服务,完善"互联网+"医疗健康支撑体系,可提升医疗卫生现代化管理水平,加快转变健康领域发展方式。移动医疗是医疗卫生的重要补充,有利于"关口前移",促进全方位、全生命周期健康信息的连续动态采集,有利于采取积极干预措施,预防、管理或治疗慢性病,提升健康风险评估与健康自主管理能力,增强个体健康自主性。充分发挥人工智能在健康管理方面的优势,有利于加快健康知识传播、促进高危人群筛查和管理。
移动医疗可为传统医疗提供"助攻"效果,有助于改善高血压患者的血压水平,血压控制不佳者获益更大[
小结 我国心血管代谢疾病的治疗占用了大量的社会医疗与卫生资源,并造成了巨大的家庭和社会经济负担。在我国老龄化、城镇化不断加快,生活方式危险因素流行尚未得到有效遏制的背景下,动员社会各方力量广泛参与,提高公众的健康素养水平和主动健康的意识,结合移动医疗和可穿戴技术等新技术和新方式,重点加强合理膳食、适量增加身体活动、保持健康体重、戒烟限酒等生活方式的科学指导,促进健康生活方式在人群的普及,将是改善我国居民心血管代谢健康状况的重要途径,有助于推进健康中国行动的具体实施。切实贯彻预防为主的方针,通过生活方式管理改善危险因素,最终减少我国心血管代谢疾病的发生和疾病负担,提高我国居民健康水平。
中国健康生活方式预防心血管代谢疾病指南编撰委员会 主任委员:顾东风(国家心血管病中心中国医学科学院阜外医院南方科技大学医学院)
副主任委员:翁建平(中国科学技术大学附属第一医院)、鲁向锋(国家心血管病中心)
委员(按姓氏拼音排序):曹杰(中国医学科学院阜外医院)、陈博文(中国社区卫生协会)、陈纪春(国家心血管病中心)、陈晓平(四川大学附属华西医院)、范中杰(中国医学科学院北京协和医院)、顾东风(国家心血管病中心中国医学科学院阜外医院南方科技大学医学院)、顾水明(上海市徐汇区卫生健康委员会)、郭长江(军事科学院军事医学研究院环境医学与作业医学研究所)、郭艺芳(河北省人民医院)、胡东生(深圳大学医学部)、黄建凤(中国医学科学院阜外医院)、吉训明(首都医科大学宣武医院)、李光伟(中国医学科学院阜外医院中日友好医院)、李建新(国家心血管病中心)、李南方(新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院)、李小英(复旦大学附属中山医院)、林锦春(深圳市罗湖区人民医院)、刘芳超(中国医学科学院阜外医院)、刘建民(海军军医大学长海医院)、刘小清(广东省人民医院)、刘晓丽(首都医科大学附属安贞医院)、鲁向锋(国家心血管病中心)、马冠生(北京大学公共卫生学院)、马吉祥(中国疾病预防控制中心)、牟建军(西安交通大学第一附属医院)、彭道泉(中南大学湘雅二医院)、沈冲(南京医科大学公共卫生学院)、孙宁玲(北京大学人民医院)、孙英贤(中国医科大学附属第一医院)、翁建平(中国科学技术大学附属第一医院)、许海燕(中国医学科学院阜外医院)、严静(浙江医院)、杨学礼(天津医科大学公共卫生学院)、俞玲(福建省立医院)、曾强(解放军总医院)、曾敏(海南省人民医院)、赵文华(中国疾病预防控制中心营养与健康所)、张丽红(中国医学科学院阜外医院)、郑志杰(北京大学全球健康中心)、朱大龙(南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院)、祝之明(陆军军医大学第三附属医院)
秘书:陈恕凤(中国医学科学院阜外医院)、黄克勇(中国医学科学院阜外医院)
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